Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB), such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. TB is a major global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Transmission:
- TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria.
- It is not spread through surfaces, food, or water.
Symptoms:
- Persistent cough (lasting more than 3 weeks).
- Coughing up blood or sputum.
- Chest pain.
- Fatigue.
- Unintentional weight loss.
- Fever and night sweats.
- Loss of appetite.
Types of TB:
- Latent TB: The bacteria are present in the body but are inactive and cause no symptoms. It is not contagious but can develop into active TB if untreated.
- Active TB: The bacteria are active, causing symptoms and making the person contagious.
Risk Factors:
- Weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or malnutrition).
- Close contact with someone who has active TB.
- Living or working in crowded or unsanitary conditions.
- Smoking or excessive alcohol use.
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- Diagnosis:
- Tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) to detect latent TB.
- Chest X-rays and sputum tests to confirm active TB.
- Treatment:
- TB is treatable and curable with a combination of antibiotics taken over 6–9 months.
- Common drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
- Drug-resistant TB (e.g., MDR-TB or XDR-TB) requires longer and more complex treatment.
- Prevention:
- Vaccination with the BCG vaccine (not widely used in some countries).
- Early detection and treatment of active TB cases.
- Preventive therapy for those with latent TB.
TB remains a significant public health issue, but with proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, its impact can be reduced. If you suspect TB, seek medical attention promptly.